Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct speech (sometimes called quoted speech)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."

or

"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech), doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn't have to be word for word.
When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
For example:

Direct speech	Indirect speech
"I'm going to the cinema", he said.	He said he was going to the cinema.

Tense change

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple  She said, "It's cold."	›	Past simple  She said it was cold.
Present continuous  She said, "I'm teaching English online."	›	Past continuous  She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple  She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous  She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple  She said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past perfect  She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous  She said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect  She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past perfect  NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past perfect continuous  NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
will She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."	›	would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can She said, "I can teach English online."	›	could She said she could teach English online.
must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."	›	had to  She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall She said, "What shall we learn today?"	›	should She asked what we should learn today.
may She said, "May I open a new browser?"	›	might She asked if she might open a new browser.

Source : http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/reportedspeech.htm

Exercisess

Change the following sentences from direct speech to indirect speech  :

1.    Direct speech :       David : "There is an excellent band playing later on." 

2.    Direct speech :       Christine : "I saw Amy at the bank on Monday."

3.    Direct speech :       The driver : "I'm going to turn right at the traffic lights."

4.    Direct speech :       Jonathan: "I've returned the dictionary to the library".

5.    Direct speech :       The doctor : "I'll send you the results as soon as they arrive."

6.    Direct speech :       Caroline : "Will you come to my party on Saturday?"

7.    Direct speech :       Shop assistant:  "Are you looking for something special?"

8.    Direct speech :       Jack :  "I'll lend you my grammar book if you think it will help.

9.    Direct speech :       Jane  : "I play tennis every Saturday."

10.  Direct speech :      John  : "i'm going to the mall"

The Answers

1.   Reported Speech :   David said there was an excellent bank playing later on.

2.   Reported Speech :   Christine said she had seen Amy at the bank on Monday.

3.   Reported Speech :   The driver said he was going to turn right at the traffic lights.

4.   Reported Speech :   Jonathan said he had returned the dictionary to the library.

5.   Reported Speech :   The doctor said he would send me/us the results
                                      as soon as they arrived.
6.   Reported Speech :    Caroline asked (me) if I would come to her party on Saturday.

7.   Reported Speech :    The shop assistant asked if I was looking for something special.

8.   Reported Speech :     Jack said he would lend me his grammar book 
                                        if I thought it would help.

9.   Reported Speech :    Jane said she played tennis every Saturday.

10. Reported Speech :    John said he was going to the mall.

source : http://www.learn-english-today.com/lessons/lesson_contents/reported-speech-ex-answers.htm

Adverbial clause

An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains a subject (explicit or implied) and apredicate, and it modifies a verb.

• I saw Joe when I went to the store. (explicit subject I)
• He sat quietly in order to appear polite. (implied subject he)

According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts. In these functions they are like adverbial phrases, but due to their potentiality for greater explicitness, they are more often like prepositional phrases (Greenbaum andQuirk,1990):

• We left after the speeches ended. (adverbial clause)
• We left after the end of the speeches. (adverbial prepositional phrase)

Contrast adverbial clauses with adverbial phrases, which do not contain a clause.

• I like to fly kites for fun.

Adverbial clauses modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. For example:

• Hardly had I reached the station when the train started to leave the platform.

The adverbial clause in this sentence is "when the train started to leave the platform" because it is a subordinate clause and because it has the trigger word (subordinate conjunction) "when".

Kinds of adverbial clauses

kind of clause	common conjunctions	function	example
time clauses	when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.	These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.	Her goldfish died when she was young.
conditional clauses	if, unless, lest	These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences.	If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.
purpose clauses	in order to, so that, in order that	These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.	They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.
reason clauses	because, since, as, given	These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.	I couldn't feel anger against himbecause I liked him too much.
result clauses	so...that	These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.	My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey homethat the lid would not stay closed.
concessive clauses	although, though, while	These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.	I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now.
place clauses	where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?")	These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.	He said he was happy where he was.
clauses of manner	as, like, the way	These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.	I was never allowed to do thingsas I wanted to do them.

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_clause


Exercisess.

A. Combine the following sentences using adverb clauses at the end of the sentence.

1. We watched the robins. They raised their young in our apple tree.


2. Becky read the book. It was recommended by a friend.


3. Dad donates his suits to charity. He has worn them a year.


4. The policemen delayed the drivers. The wrecks were cleared.


5. Ann ate an apple. She studied her vocabulary.

B. Combine the following sentences using adverb clauses at the beginning of the sentence.

1. Frank started medical training. He drove a forklift for a living.


2. The rains had started the mud slides. The homes were not safe to live in.


3. Older people love to sit in the park. They feed the birds and visit.


4. I enjoyed camping out. I was much younger.


5. Joe recognised the man. The man had stopped his car to help.

Suggested answers:

A.

1. We watched the robins while they raised their young in our apple tree.


2. Becky read the book since it was recommended by a friend.


3. Dad donates his suits to charity after he has worn them a year.


4. The policemen delayed the drivers until the wrecks were cleared.


5. Ann ate an apple as she studied her vocabulary.

B.

1. Before Frank started medical training, he drove a forklift for a living.


2. Because the rains had started the mud slides, the homes were not safe to live in.


3. While they feed the birds and visit, older people love to sit in the park.


4. When I was much younger, I enjoyed camping out.


5. After the man had stopped his car to help, Joe recognised him.

source : http://www.carmenlu.com/fifth/grammar/adverb_clauses5_1b.html